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On 7 October 2023, Hamas launched a major attack on Israeli territory from the Gaza strip. Mapping the World looks over the key moments in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and  the current situation - with input from geopolitical expert Frédéric Encel.

How has South Korea become one of the richest countries in the world in barely half a century? An economic miracle inspired by the model of its Japanese neighbour, combining state interventionism, economic liberalisation and investment in research and development, not to mention a powerful 'soft power', from television series to pop music.

The history of South Korea is inextricably linked to that of its northern neighbour. The two enemy brothers tore each other apart during the bloody Korean War (1950-1953) and to this day have not made peace. Beyond this, Seoul is also seeking to carve out a place for itself on the great strategic chessboard of the Indo-Pacific region, resisting both Pyongyang and Beijing by playing the ASEAN, Japan, Australia, India and, of course, the United States card.

The second largest country in the European Union, and fourth in terms of GDP and population, Spain is an important country on the continent. But its loss of influence in Latin America, the chaos of the civil war and the Franco years, the threat of Catalan separatism and economic and financial troubles have all been obstacles to it fulfilling its potential.

Mapping the world takes us on a journey of discovery of Spain, its exceptional heritage and its glorious history, from the Reconquista to the conquest of the world. Although it has played a leading political role and its language is one of the most widely spoken in the world, the country remains a modest player in international relations today.

15 years after the sovereign debt crisis, Greece is still facing numerous challenges: corruption, an insufficient public service, mistrust towards political elites, migration, rivalry with Turkey, and China's takeover of infrastructure. But the country still has some strengths it could leverage.

To discover Greece, the cradle of one of Europe's first modern civilisations, philosophy and democracy. A country that long lived under foreign domination before embarking on a long and painful road to independence and the rule of law. Greece is not without its assets: one of Europe's most important tourist destinations and hydrocarbon deposits in the eastern Mediterranean that could change the game.

Since 15 April, the war in Sudan has already claimed more than 1,800 lives and displaced two million people, 476,000 of whom have taken refuge in neighbouring countries. In Khartoum, a city torn apart by fighting, an orphanage is home to more than 350 children living in terrible conditions.

It is a David versus Goliath story: Saúl Luciano LLiuya, a farmer in the Andes, is suing the German energy giant RWE for its carbon emissions. When Saúl Luciano LLiuya learned that RWE is said to have emitted more CO2 than Peru since the country was founding, he had to take action.

This single company has emitted more CO2 in its history than Peru alone. Today, it is one of the countries most affected by global warming.
Saúl's home and the survival of his community are threatened by melting glaciers. So he is taking RWE to court in Germany. Will the big multinationals have to pay for the consequences of global warming?
The "Saúl v. RWE" case could set a dangerous precedent for the fossil fuel sector. Saúl is a single man from a remote village in the Andes, but there are thousands of stories like his. If he wins, it could pave the way for a wave of legal action by poor countries that have contributed little to the climate crisis but are feeling its full impact.

Most of the localities attacked by Hamas on Saturday 7 October were kibbutzes, bastions of the Israeli Left. Many of the victims of the massacres advocated the creation of a Palestinian state and peaceful coexistence.

The oldest tell stories of the golden era when they travelled freely to Gaza and maintained sometimes friendly relations with their work relations or shopkeepers. Today, all this seems to belong to the imagination.
By indiscriminately striking these civilians, Hamas has destabilised the Israeli Left. It has rendered moderate discourse inaudible for a long time to come. How can we imagine resuming dialogue after such an aggression? How can we defend to public opinion the possibility of a negotiated peace with the Palestinians?
Filmed in the week following the massacres, this report probes the trauma and disillusionment of the Israeli left. It had been committed to the two-state solution for decades, but had lost momentum since the failure of Oslo, yet it continued to believe in peace. Survivors of the massacre, activists and thinkers give us their view of those tragic hours. And also their hope, despite everything.

More than 400,000 people who fled the war in Sudan have found refuge in neighbouring Chad.

On the edge of the small border town of Adré, a huge unsanitary camp has sprung up. Families are living in makeshift shelters made of branches and tarpaulins. Beside them are the meagre belongings they were able to gather before fleeing: a saucepan, some food, a few items of clothing... Often, nothing.
The Chadian authorities and humanitarian workers are overwhelmed by the scale of the crisis.
Many children are showing signs of malnutrition. The hospital in Adré has seen an influx of hundreds of people with bullet wounds.
In Sudan, while attention is mainly focused on the fighting in the capital, Khartoum, the Darfur region, bordering Chad, is the scene of an extreme level of brutality.
In Al Geneina, the capital of West Darfur, the drama was played out behind closed doors, but the accounts of the survivors give a gruesome insight. The testimonies of those who managed to flee tell of the horror.
This new war has reawakened the old demons of ethnic violence. As the conflict drags on, the refugees' hopes of returning home are dwindling.

Russia's invasion of Ukraine has changed the situation: Europe is seeking to diversify its supplies of liquefied natural gas to reduce its dependence on Russian gas.

A boon for the United States, which has become Europe's leading trading partner. 80% of American natural gas is produced by hydraulic fracturing, a polluting and environmentally damaging extraction technique that is banned in France and Germany.
 
Arlington, Texas, is the largest urban natural gas fracking site in the United States. There are 400 wells in the town, most of them operated by Total Energies, often discreetly scattered around homes, churches and schools, with hedgerows and fences. And yet the nuisance is very real... The direct consequences on health are reflected in an upsurge in cases of asthma. Although an association has been trying to prevent the expansion of shale gas exploitation since 2015, the battle between a "Green David" and a "Goliath of hydrocarbons" appears to be unequal.

Since Iran imposed an ultimatum on Iraq and Iraqi Kurdistan, demanding their complete disarmament and relocation away from border areas, tensions have been running high.

Situated between the world's two biggest cocaine producers, Colombia and Peru, Ecuador was once a haven of peace and stability in South America. But in the space of a few years, the country has been transformed into a narco-state.

The major transnational drug cartels of Mexico, Colombia and the Albanian mafias, among others, have joined forces with the gangs, unleashing one wave of violence after another.
Bella Sanchez and Ivan Vargas live in a small village near the coastal city of Guayaquil. Over the past three years, members of a drug gang have killed three members of their family. Their eldest son, Angel, has been in prison for months for a murder he didn't commit. Bella and Ivan want justice, but their fight seems as dangerous as it is futile...
Violence has engendered a climate of fear, where omerta reigns for fear of reprisals. The police and judiciary are bribed and threatened by organized crime, whose impunity encourages the escalation of score-settling.
Most Ecuadorians have lost all hope for the future, and more and more want to leave the country. In 2023 alone, the number of men and women attempting to enter the United States illegally rose by 300%.

In New Zealand, they're called "carbon farms". Entire forests dedicated to absorbing carbon dioxide and offering CO2 credits in exchange, which are then bought by large international polluting companies to offset their own greenhouse gas emissions.

Companies such as Ikea, Shell and Boeing can therefore offer themselves a kind of "right to pollute", much to the delight of the New Zealand government and forestry industry.
Over the past twenty years, this country in the south-western Pacific Ocean has established itself as one of the world leaders in CO2 credits.  Every year, it sells over a billion euros worth of carbon offsets... 
But these "carbon farms" have catastrophic effects on the environment and the communities living in their vicinity. For the most part, these forests are made up entirely of exotic pines, which are not native to New Zealand and are not very resistant to storms and southern cyclones. 
Each time a natural disaster strikes, thousands of trees are swept away by swollen rivers, ending up on local farms, homes and beaches. Kiwi growers Bridget and Mike Parker spend their time clearing their land of thousands of